[Features of coarse calico damage by hollow-point bullets of ammunitions to a 12-gauge fire smoothbore weapon (12×70) under the conditions of remote shooting distance]. / Osobennosti povrezhdeniya byazevoi tkani ekspansivnymi pulyami patronov k ognestrel'nomu gladkostvol'nomu oruzhiyu 12-go kalibra (12×70) v usloviyakh neblizkoi distantsii vystrela.

The article presents the experimental study results of damaged clothes imitators' (coarse calico) features in consequence of shot by ammunitions with hollow-point bullet from a 12-gauge fire smoothbore weapon (12×70). The generation mechanism of coarse calico damage during wound of underlying biological human body's imitator by bullet and the factors influencing on mentioned process have been clarified using high-speed video recording.

[Distribution features of gunshot residue from hunting Steyr Mannlicher AUG-Z3 carbine on targets]. / Osobennosti raspredeleniya na mishenyakh produktov vystrela iz okhotnich'ego karabina Steyr Mannlicher AUG-Z3.

OBJECTIVE: To study the morphology of distribution of shot factors on white targets made of coarse calico at different distances. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study was conducted on 57 experimental damages of targets made of cotton fabric, caused by shots from hunting self-loading Steyr Mannlicher AUG-Z3 carbine of.223 Rem caliber. The number of experimental firings equal 19 was done by 3 shots at the distance from close range to 250 cm. The examination of shot targets was carried out using the visual, metric, stereoscopic (Leica 125M microscope) methods, in ultraviolet rays (LUMATEC SUPERLITE M Series light). RESULTS: The nature and morphology of distribution of gunshot residue on targets' surfaces made it possible to establish close range firing zones. The nature in which soot is deposited during shot under the conditions of point-blank range and in the first zone of close range (up to 8 cm) allows to establish the position of weapon's transverse plane relative to the target basing on a specific blowout of a gas-powder jet from special design of flame arrestor. The performed experimental shooting from hunting self-loading Steyr Mannlicher AUG-Z3 carbine made it possible to determine the metric and morphological characteristics of the close range firing zones: 1 zone is equal a distance up to 8 cm; 2 zone - up to 30 cm; 3 zone - up to 100 cm from muzzle of weapon. The design features of Steyr Mannlicher AUG-Z3 carbine's flame arrestor allow to identify the type of weapon according to the morphological pattern of target's damage. The complex of obtained data makes it possible to determine the firing distance with high accuracy.

[Determination of the transfer of composite obstacle material by a gunshot projectile]. / Ustanovlenie fakta perenosa ognestrel'nym snaryadom veshchestva pregrady iz kompozitnykh materialov.

The aim of the experimental study was to establish the transfer of obstacle's composite material (foamed concrete, magnesite concrete, porcelain stoneware, galvanized sheet steel, wood particle board) by the gunshot projectile on firing by rounds sized 5.45´39 from the special shortened Kalashnikov assault rifle (AKS-74U). The shots were fired through various types of obstacles on different parts of animal carcasses from a distance of 3-5 m. Bullets and their fragments, extracted from the bullet trap or the biological target tissue, after appropriate processing were studied by «Leika M125¼ microscope, «Hitachi FlexSem1000 II¼ scanning electronic microscope and «Bruker Quantax 80¼ energy-dispersive X-Ray spectrometer. The conducted light microscopy of gunshot projectiles' fragments, which had overcome the obstacle, revealed the presence of a specific deformation of the bullet head at its penetration of each type of investigated obstacles. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-Ray analysis (EDX) have revealed in each case the presence of obstacle particles overlaying over the entire surface of either deformed bullets or their fragments. The performed experimental study has shown that it is possible to establish the fact of person's gunshot injury through a composite obstacle by the use of SEM/EDX.

[Algorithm of spleen and sterno-vertebrocostal segment models creation to simulate blunt abdominal trauma as a part of situational forensic medical examinations production]. / Algoritm sozdaniya modelei selezenki i grudinno-pozvonochno-rebernogo segmenta s tsel'yu modelirovaniya tupoi travmy zhivota v ramkakh proizvodstva situatsionnykh sudebno-meditsinskikh ekspertiz.

The algorithm of spleen and sterno-vertebrocostal segment models creation, the use of which allows to simulate various variants of conditions of spleen damage occurrence, is proposed. These data can be used for simulation of blunt abdominal trauma as a part of situational forensic medical examinations production. The results of performed experimental works on this issue showed the efficacy and adequacy of created models, which makes implementation of spleen injuries modelling into routine forensic medical expert practice promising.

[Distribution of after-penetration gunshot wound zones]. / Raspredelenie zon zapregradnoi ognestrel'noi travmy.

Aim of this study is to establish the distance and spacing of gunshot wound in the conditions of after-penetration target location. The experimental studies series on shooting coarse colico targets located behind a triplex (car windshield) with record of results by a high-speed camera with a frequency of 1000 frames per second, followed by a study of the affected targets by routine and modern methods (scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersion analysis) were performed. Established results showed that fragments of projectile that overcame an obstacle and secondary projectiles have a rather stable zoning distribution behind an obstacle at a distance up to 2.5 m from the obstacle. The most informative diagnosis of an after-penetration wound distance zone is based on the character of the firearm projectile fragments dispersion, manifestation of lead particles thermal exposure from its sleeve and secondary projectiles fragments formed under the effect of shock wave superimposement in the obstacle material.

[Historical aspects, current state and problematic issues of forensic medical examination of a gunshot blunt trauma]. / Istoricheskie aspekty, sovremennoe sostoyanie i problemnye voprosy sudebno-meditsinskoi ekspertizy zapregradnoi ognestrel'noi travmy.

The data of the world literature characterizing the forensic aspects of blunt trauma are generalized and systematized. The issues related to the morphology of damage caused after overcoming an obstacle made of various materials by a bullet, the trajectory of a firearm projectile after overcoming an obstacle, the deformation of a bullet, the transfer of fragments of an obstacle by a bullet, the determination of the distance to the target located behind the damaged barrier, the study of the strength properties of individual human armor protection, the nature of the release of particles of an obstacle. The current state of forensic medical examination of blunt trauma is considered, problems and promising directions of their solution are identified. The importance of using knowledge in the field of theoretical mechanics of deformed solid bodies and high-speed impact interaction of solid bodies is noted.

[Characteristics of the trajectory of projectiles after penetration of biological and non-biological obstacles in shots fired from various types of firearms]. / Kharakteristika traektorii dvizheniya snaryadov posle probitiya biologicheskikh i nebiologicheskikh pregrad pri vystrelakh iz razlichnykh obraztsov ognestrel'nogo oruzhiya.

The purpose of the work was to study the movement trajectory of the projectile after breaking through an obstacle made of various materials installed at various angles to the aiming line when firing from rifled and traumatic weapons. As a result of a series of experimental shots by shells fired from a traumatic pistol «Jorge¼ (9×22 mm RA cartridge with an initial velocity of 300±20 m/s and a bullet weight of 0.7 g) and the Blaser R93 carbine (Norma Jaktmatch 9.3×62 mm hunting cartridge with an initial speed of 765 m/s and a bullet weight of 11 g) it has been found that, when punching both biological simulators and triplex glass located at the angles of 40-60° with respect to the aiming line, a deflection of the firearm from the aiming line is observed.

Phenotypic Characteristics of Dormant Human Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Cells Surviving Multifraction X-Ray Irradiation.

Phenotypic characteristics of human non-small cell lung cancer cells, A549 (p53 wild-type) and H1299 (p53-deficient) as well as their descendants surviving after multifraction X-ray irradiation at a cumulative dose of 60 Gy (sublines A549HR and H1299HR, respectively) were studied before and after additional 2 Gy single dose irradiation. In 24 h after the additional irradiation, we observed a significant increase in the proportion of cells with signs of entosis (by 5 times, p<0.05) and SA-ß-gal+ cells (by 1.6 times, p<0.01) in the general population of A549HR cells. In contrast, a significant increase in the proportion of only SA-ß-gal+ multinucleated giant cancer cells was revealed in the parental A549 cells. Additional single dose irradiation resulted in a significant (by 1.8 times, p<0.05) increase in the proportion of multinucleated giant cancer cells in H1299HR cells in comparison with their parental H1299 cells. These changes did not correlate with changes in the proportion of entotic cells, because their high basal content in the absence of functional p53 did not change in response to additional single dose irradiation. At the same time, both p53-deficient non-small cell lung cancer cell lines showed a significant (2.9-fold for H1299 and 5.5-fold for H1299HR cells, p<0.001) increase in the proportion of SA-ß-gal+ cells in the general population, but not in the multinucleated giant cancer cells population.

Transcriptomic Analysis of DNA Repair Pathways in Human Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Cells Surviving Multifraction X-Ray Irradiation.

Radioresistant sublines of non-small cell lung cancer cells differing in the p53 status were obtained: A549 (p53 wild type) and H1299 (p53 deficient). The exposure to ionizing radiation was carried out using a standard protocol developed on the basis of empirical clinical experience and consisting in exposure in a dose of 2 Gy once a day, 5 days a week up to total dose of 60 Gy. The cells survived after irradiation demonstrated reduced radiosensitivity, as well as changes in differential gene expression in comparison with parental cells. Some differences in the signaling pathways involved in DNA repair were revealed.

[Experience of using simulation of spleen injury caused by the action of a group of persons]. / Opyt primeneniya modelirovaniya travmy selezenki, voznikshei ot deistviya gruppy lits.

The article describes a case of using simulation of a spleen injury in the framework of a forensic medical examination to identify a specific attacker who caused damage to an organ. Two options for the impact of an object with a limited traumatic surface in the abdomen and along the left posterior axillary line in the X rib projection are considered. Modeling of the mechanism of injury to the spleen was carried out using the method of finite element analysis. As a result, the place of application of the traumatic effect was established, which made it possible to differentiate the participant in the conflict who caused the specific damage to the spleen.

[Morphology features of gunshot injuries in occupants of a car]. / Osobennosti morfologii ognestrel'nykh povrezhdenii u lyudei, nakhodyashchikhsya v salone avtomobilya.

The article presents a case of fatal gunshot wounds in occupants of a car. The wounds occurred after the passage of gunfire projectiles through a vehicle's triplex glass barrier and had certain features that distinguished them from the common wounds due to the characteristics of the barrier. As part of the solution of the expert questions, the following up-to-date research methods were applied: scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive analysis, and computerized three-dimensional reconstruction of the incident circumstances. These research methods provided a clear-cut solution for the situational tasks set by the investigator and served as tools for assessment of the mechanism of bodies injury.

Forensic medical characteristics of firearm exit wounds in cases with armour protection.

BACKGROUND: The very limited literature about the characteristic morphology of the firearm ammunition wounds in the body armored victims led authors to conduct an experimental study to understand this issue of great forensic and medico-legal importance. PURPOSE: An autopsy of a male sniper was fraught with a challenge to differentiate between a firearm ammunition entry and exit wound. He was wearing body armour when shot at during a hostage rescue operation. The study was conducted to standardize the findings and answer the queries in such cases of forearms with inherent legal implications. METHODOLOGY: The modifying effect of the clothing and the armour on the firearm injuries in humans was studied by test firings on animal (pig) cadaver tissues, which has closest simulation to the human body tissues. These firings were preceded by X-ray fluorescence, and followed by stereoscopic and spectroscopic examinations. All the events were recorded by the high-resolution video camera shoots. RESULTS: An extensive cavitation in the form of a cone shaped crater, and a tissue defect with precipitated edges and patching of the epidermal layers indicated a firearm entry and exit wound, respectively, in victims wearing body armour at the time of the firearm injury.

[Features of the trajectory of particles of car triplex glass damaged by Saiga carbine shots with the cartridge 5.45×39 mm]. / Osobennosti traektorii vybrosa chastits tripleksnogo stekla avtomobilya, povrezhdennogo vystrelami iz karabina «Saiga¼ pod patron 5,45×39 mm.

THE OBJECTIVE OF THE WORK: Is to study the character of deflection of fragments of a semi-jacketed shell (a semi-jacketed bimetallic bullet with a lead core of a 5.45×39 mm cartridge for the Saiga carbine) and the ejection of fragments of the triplex glass shot with it. The experiments results showed that when a triplex glass pierced at an angle of 60° with respect to the sightline, there is a deflection towards the normal line of the flight direction of the shell and obstacle fragments. The shell speed far exceeds the ballistic limit, but the fragments speed is much lower and the trajectory is formed by alternating waves of compression and decompression.

[The current state of the issue on explosive injury]. / Sovremennoe sostoyanie voprosa vzryvnoi travmy.

The review summarizes and systematizes the literature data characterizing the forensic medical aspects in the complex assessment of injuries received because of the impact of damaging factors of explosion in different peacetime conditions. The current state of forensic-medical examination of the explosive trauma is considered; the problems are revealed and the perspective directions in their solution are outlined. The analysis of publications on the issue of forensic examination of blast trauma injuries has shown that a more detailed characterization is given in the domestic literature than in the foreign one. Further study of this problem will make it possible to determine the formation laws of injuries received in explosive trauma, the distance from the epicenter of the explosion, the position of the victims and conditions of body trauma in confined spaces, as well as to refine the classification of explosive trauma depending on the conditions and circumstances of the explosion.

Computer assisted three-dimensional reconstruction of scene in firearm homicide.

Worldwide advances in computer techniques are not yet recognised in the practice of forensic medicine. A promising application is their use in making a three-dimensional reconstruction of the crime scene. This study analyses this technique in a homicide by firearm. Queries regarding the direction and number of shots, position of the victim inside the car when shot at and presence of the accused at the crime scene were answered by a scientific model. Similar reconstruction of the scene, nailing the accused in a heinous crime, has not previously been reported as a study or a case. The paper anticipates impetus to the growth of literature in criminology and forensic sciences. It will also expedite the delivery of justice based on scientific evidence in controversial causes of death.

[Possibilities of scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersion analysis in the study of gunshot injuries]. / Vozmozhnosti skaniruyushchei elektronnoi mikroskopii s energodispersionnym analizom pri issledovanii ognestrel'nykh povrezhdenii.

The purpose of our work was to assess the capabilities of the SEM in the framework of expert studies of gunshot injuries of targets made of cotton fabric. In the study of experimental injuries resulting from shots fired from the KO-M1-98 carbine with 8x57JS cartridges at various distances (from the stop to 3.5 m), the presence of features of the soot morphology was established, by which it is possible to judge the distance of the shot. Thus, by examining fragments of target tissue from the central and peripheral zones of soot deposition, electron microscopy revealed a change in the ratio, intensity, and topography of soot particles. The energy-dispersion analysis revealed that with increasing distance, the number of chemical elements that make up the capsule decreases, with the exception of tin, which has an unstable inversely proportional bond.

[Spleen trauma modeling by fine element analysis (a case from expert practice)]. / Modelirovanie travmy selezenki metodom konechno-elementnogo analiza.

The data on the use of mathematical modeling of spleen injury by the method of fine element analysis within the framework of a forensic medical examination of a spleen injury with the circumstances of causing injury to the victim deliberately established by the investigating authority. The result of the conducted mathematical modeling showed the adequacy of the created model and accurate reproduction of the results in spleen injury which makes it promising to introduce this method into daily expert practice.

[Possibilities of injuries' mathematical modeling of mobile and motionless spleen in case of a blunt object injury]. / Vozmozhnosti matematicheskogo modelirovaniya povrezhdenii podvizhnoi i nepodvizhnoi selezenki pri travme tupym predmetom.

The aim of the work is to establish the possibility of mathematical modeling of the injuries formation in the mobile and fixed spleen under shock impact to the region of the left middle axillary line of the chest. A spleen injury with a pinched and movable vascular pedicle was simulated, for which were created two models in three-dimensional virtual space - the spleen model and the rib-sternum segment model. Differences in the concentration and localization of stresses arising on the spleen were noted in cases of fixed and non-fixed vascular pedicle. It was found that under the same conditions of injury (place of application and direction of the injury, impact force), «critical¼ stresses that can lead to ruptures occur on the spleen, which has a fixed vascular pedicle.

[Behavioral factors of sleep-related complaints and subjective poor well-being in general population]. / Povedencheskie faktory riska zhalob na narusheniya sna i sub"ektivnoe neblagopoluchie v norme.

OBJECTIVE: To validate the Scale of Behavioral Factors of Sleep Disturbances is people without diagnosed sleep disorders, as well as to reveal direct and indirect effects of sleep behavior on subjective sleep quality and well-being. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Sample 1 included 66 people, aged 19-55 years, without diagnosed sleep disturbances who completed the Scale of Behavioral Factors of Sleep Disturbances (subscales for Taking Medications and Non-Medications, Alcohol, Tonic Drinks and Using Gadgets in the evening, Delaying Bedtime, Self-Limitations, Sleep Ritual, Adherence to the Regimen, Postponement of the Morning Rise), Insomnia Severity Index, Hospital Scale of Anxiety and Depression. Sample 2 included 174 people, aged 17-57 years, without diagnosed sleep disorders, who completed Beck's Anxiety and Depression Inventories in addition to the scales administered to sample 1. Forty-four people completed the Scale of Behavioral Factors again after two weeks. RESULTS: The moderate reliability-consistency (α=0.62-0.93) and retest reliability of the subscales (r=0.33-0.79, p<0.01) as well as the relationship between poor sleep, especially in the evening, self-limitating behavior and sleep-related complaints of sleep, anxiety and, to a lesser extent, complaints of depressive symptoms (r=0.15-0.58, p<0.05) were revealed. All behavioral strategies, except for the sleep ritual, are characterized by an indirect effect on anxiety, depressiveness, poor well-being (|ß|=0.03-0.24): the more often a person uses them, the more likely he/she has sleep-related complaints, which, in turn, is a risk factor for poorer well-being. Self-limiting behavior and delaying the morning rise are associated with a lower level of well-being, even in the absence of sleep-related complaints (ß=0.23-0.34, p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The Scale of Behavioral Factors of Sleep Disturbances can be used for research purposes. The results of the study suggest that the dysfunctional role of behavior on well-being is predominantly indirect (through the perpetuation of complaints), but it can also be direct (regardless of complaints of sleep disorders).

Neuroregeneration: Regulation in Neurodegenerative Diseases and Aging.

It had been commonly believed for a long time, that once established, degeneration of the central nervous system (CNS) is irreparable, and that adult person merely cannot restore dead or injured neurons. The existence of stem cells (SCs) in the mature brain, an organ with minimal regenerative ability, had been ignored for many years. Currently accepted that specific structures of the adult brain contain neural SCs (NSCs) that can self-renew and generate terminally differentiated brain cells, including neurons and glia. However, their contribution to the regulation of brain activity and brain regeneration in natural aging and pathology is still a subject of ongoing studies. Since the 1970s, when Fuad Lechin suggested the existence of repair mechanisms in the brain, new exhilarating data from scientists around the world have expanded our knowledge on the mechanisms implicated in the generation of various cell phenotypes supporting the brain, regulation of brain activity by these newly generated cells, and participation of SCs in brain homeostasis and regeneration. The prospects of the SC research are truthfully infinite and hitherto challenging to forecast. Once researchers resolve the issues regarding SC expansion and maintenance, the implementation of the SC-based platform could help to treat tissues and organs impaired or damaged in many devastating human diseases. Over the past 10 years, the number of studies on SCs has increased exponentially, and we have already become witnesses of crucial discoveries in SC biology. Comprehension of the mechanisms of neurogenesis regulation is essential for the development of new therapeutic approaches for currently incurable neurodegenerative diseases and neuroblastomas. In this review, we present the latest achievements in this fast-moving field and discuss essential aspects of NSC biology, including SC regulation by hormones, neurotransmitters, and transcription factors, along with the achievements of genetic and chemical reprogramming for the safe use of SCs in vitro and in vivo.